Was the Genesis Flood, Along With All of Its Effects, The Result of a Single Physical Event? Brief Version
Robert A. Herrmann
(4 AUG 2000. Last revision 18 DEC 2000.)
Abstract: In this article, mathematically generated predictions are given that, if the basic hypotheses are correct, will answer the above question affirmatively. Previously, a new mathematical technique was used to derive from the fundamental physical behavior of electromagnetic radiation a line element that gives a cause for all the Special Theory of Relativity effects that have been attributed to the unrealistic notion of general time-dilation. This same technique is used here, but with one change of parameter, and this leads to a new line element that predicts that rates of change for certain physical behavior will increase. Such an approach leads to a "microeffect" and various significant predictions. It is shown how this microeffect yields the Genesis Flood and many of the effects associated with such a Flood scenario. The effects predicted include an increase in radioactive decay rates, a Flood that would cover the entire earth, catastrophic upliftings and sinkings of land masses and other alterations in the earth's crust, mantle and core; an increase in erosion and sedimentation rates with the production of fossil layers, fluctuations or reversals of the earth's magnetic field, creation of the asteroid belt, and the cratering effects on the earth and other solar system bodies. Due to the methods used today by secular science, these effects would tend to yield an earth that gives the appearance of great age. An additional prediction is given, with a method of investigation, that could verify this prediction. Such verification would yield significant evidence that such a microeffect did occur and the result is the Flood scenario exactly as it is described within Genesis. This article is a brief account of the technical aspects of this model but contains the full account of the section on the Flood and its effects. At the end of this brief account, you will find a link to the entire article.[Note: In what follows, two special symbols will be used for the simplest mathematical expressions. The symbol ^ indicates a superscript and the symbol _ represents a subscript. The model presented in this paper is an infinitesimal analysis (i.e. differential or integral operator) model and, as with all such models, it only predicts macroscopic or large scale behavior approximately. This paper was reviewed for journal publication and changes made in accordance with the reviewers' comments. However, in order to have the results available as quickly as possible, I have decided to publish it in this electronic format.]
Introduction In Genesis 6: 13, God said to Noah just prior to the Flood, "I am surely going to destroy both them and the earth."(NIV) But most certainly the "earth," as an object within the solar system, was not annihilated. Hence, the term "earth" probably means in this context the "land" or "ground." But, again the land or ground was not annihilated. Assume that, prior to the Flood scenario, the Earth and, probably, some of the other originally created and predominately solid solar system bodies had a considerably different topography than observed today. Further, it is also possible that some natural-systems behaved differently from those observed today for it appears that for the pristine Earth many of the natural processes associated with the degeneration of a natural-system either did not occur or occurred much more slowly than the standards used today. It may be that God used previously created processes to produce the Flood and to alter the land and possibly some of its supporting natural-systems so as to remove the special character they were accorded originally. Is there evidence that such alterations may have taken place?
Technical Summary In Herrmann (1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1997), a new method using the now rigorous methods for infinitesimal modeling is applied to yield the known basic results of the Special and General Theories of Relativity. These methods are based upon a more fundamental analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic radiation and eliminate the unrealistic notion of general time-dilation and all the known logical difficulties associated with these theories as they were original presented. It is established that, apparently, all relativistic effects are the direct result of an electromagnetic interaction with a sub-quantum substratum. These interactions are possibly mediated by the conjectured zero point radiation field. As with all such relativity theories, the mathematical structure does not yield the actual physical entities that might produce various behavioral changes but rather simply describes these changes. The mathematical structure simply acts as a general controlling device. There may be many specific physical objects or processes involved that force a natural-system to change its behavior. The mathematical structure does not specifically identify the physical entities that accomplish such an alteration although the structure may point to the most likely candidates.
The mathematical object that yields changes in natural-system behavior is called a metric or line element. I choose to call it a line element since in general it is not a "metric" in the sense of term as used in general topology. The line element is formally derived in the complete article and is equation (13). Using another very general and special technique, a fixed consequence of line element (13) is applied to various types of mathematical expressions that describe the basic behavior for a natural-system. The behavior being described is always a "time" dependent rate of change and it is this rate of change that is altered by line element (13).
This article only investigates a few of these rates of change. In all cases, the rates will increase when compared with the standard behavior. The standard behavior is behavior that occurs in the absence of this line element. This model requires that line element (13) be applied during a specific time period in earth history and has not directly affected earth history for thousands of years. One of these equation (13) changes is a change in the instantaneous velocity v associated with actual physical objects. This is a new effect not previously considered within relativity theory. The other investigated changes are specifically mentioned when applied to the Flood scenario. Please note however that numerously many other not specifically investigated increases in rates of change most take place as well. The actual numerical quantity within equation (13) that yields increases in rates of change is denoted by a d which can be position and even "time" dependent .
A literal Bible interpretation implies that the Flood was produced by direct Divine intervention. As a basic hypothesis, suppose that at the center of mass of many of the predominately solid bodies within the originally created solar system, equation (13) is activated. The effects of such an application of (13) include an increase in the radioactive decay rate (Herrmann, 1996b) of all such material located within regions with nonzero d as well as many other rate increases. [This would, of course, alter all present day radioactive dating assumptions. I do not contend that this Flood effect is necessarily the major explanation for radioactive aging.] This increased decay rate yields an increase in the amount of heat present within these regions. This additional heating effect would have vast consequences relative to the original pristine and somewhat smooth character of the land prior to activation of (13). However, the heat produced would depend upon the actual amount of radioactive material that was present within specific locations when (13) is activated. Further, there are yet another alterations in natural-system behavior that need to be considered due to the same sub-quantum effect as that which produces the increase in the radioactive decay rate. For example, the time rate of heat transfer, and heat radiation would increase. Indeed, all coupled physical activity would require rate change derivations. As shown in Herrmann (1995b), energy levels modeled by the time-dependent Schödinger equation are also altered, indeed, in this case increased from the standard. For atomic structures, such alterations might have interesting effects. As in "General Relativity," energy is rather imprecise in character and, since this is a model using infinitesimal concepts, it is well-known that it need not give precise solutions but does give an approximate or, in some cases, only strongly suggestive solutions.The problem would be to determine what physical activities are closely correlated to an alteration such as in the rate of radioactive decay. After this determination, one would need to exhibit proper derivations consistent with (13) for each such alteration. As shown in Herrmann (1995b) energy levels determined by the time-dependent Sch
Relative to the alterations in the behavior of the velocity v , it seems rather difficult to determine the actual velocity expression at every corresponding point since the standard velocity may not be known and, further, d is not necessarily a constant and could easily depend upon other local physical or sub-quantum measures. The actual velocity enhancement is always in the radial direction, Hence, depending upon numerous physical conditions, this enhancement of radial movement would be more of a tendency for physical entities to move more rapidly than usual either in a radial direction away from the center of mass or even towards the center of mass. As shown in the next section, these results seem to model the general pattern of Flood behavior as it is described within the Scriptures.
The Flood Effects The very basic assumption is that the Earth prior to the Flood had a very different topography than observed today. Relative to a secular interpretation, such a difference, in all respects, is possible due to ultranatural initial conditions that lead to the selection of the ultrawords that generate an Earth-solar system combination. Relative to a Scriptural interpretation, Genesis 1:9 states, "And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so." In Genesis 1:10, God called this gathering together the "Seas." Psalms 24:2 states, "For he hath founded it upon the seas and established it upon the floods [rivers]." Genesis 1:21 seems to imply that there were some concentrated bodies of surface water during the antediluvian period. Except as alluded to within the Scriptures, the actual behaviors of various natural-systems prior to the Flood are unknown. Since it appears that there was no actual rain as such prior to the Flood, some care is needed in assuming that all natural laws were the same during the antediluvian period as they appear today. Further, we can have no direct knowledge as to how Divine intervention may have altered these laws. However, as an illustration only, suppose that within this pristine world the surface water concentrations are in low lying basins and the majority of the water is subterranean.
From a secular viewpoint, all of the following natural events could occur due to substratum ultranatural spacetime initial conditions. From a Scriptural viewpoint, suppose that the ordering of events as stated in Genesis 7:11 - 12 is correct ". . . on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. And rain fall on the earth forty days and forty nights."(NIV) [The "great deep" here especially signifies a "large, in size, subterranean water-supply. See Strong's New Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible #7221 and #8415.] [Note: The following appeared in the original paper but is now considered as of little significance since the mathematical generator of these effects di need not be constant and could by position dependent. Except for the statement on Divine intervention, the portion between the double square brackets should be removed from this model. [[Relative to the Earth, at the least, suppose that there is a specific fixed radial distance R^m_M such that di is nonzero for any nonnegative R^m <= R^m_M. On the other hand, suppose that at a specific distance R_c^m >= R^m_M from the center of mass if the local measure of material density falls below a certain prescribed value W or is equal to a possibly different specific value W_1 , then di = 0 for all R^m > R_c^m and nonzero di for all R^m such that R^m_M <= R^m <= R_c^m. For this application, the density W is specified and probably less than that of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular position and at the specific historical period when the Flood began and W_1 is the density of what appears to be the unspecified wood used to construct the Ark.]] Although it is rather obvious that by direct Divine intervention God would produce a protective environment for the Ark and its occupants (Genesis 6:18, 7:16) by unspecified means, [[the use of the W_1 requirement for application of line element (13) would be an automatic process that would aid in this protection. However, the actual use of such an additional W_1 may be considered as unnecessary. Removal of this requirement does not influence the actual predicted results relative to all non-Ark entities. (Added 24 Dec. 1998. Using the additional W_1 now appears as unlikely.)]]
Along with the available line element (13) and only for this immediate discussion, three types of natural law and their effects will be assumed to apply in the antediluvian world. Once coupled physical activity is determined, then alterations in such activity would also need to be derived. [Theoretically, the selection of such coupled activity can come about through application of a "realism relation."] Activation of the (13), with nonzero di in all radial directions, leads to many effects which include heating by an increased radioactive decay rate, increased rates of heat transfer and radiation, and enhanced components of radial movement. This further leads to a vast array of catastrophic events. One of these events is that the subterranean waters, from the "deep," are being force with enhanced radial movement through breaks in the Earth's crust. Portions of this water could also be in the form of steam. Then this water is returned to Earth and appears as the first rain. For the pre-Flood surface water and, at the least, through the first forty days and nights, there would also be amplified radial tide and wave effects (Clark, M. E and H. D. Voss, 1990). And, of course, the Flood waters and an enhanced radial movement would "overturn the earth" (Job 12:15). Some of the expanded Earth model (Unfred, 1986) and the uplift-subsidence model geological effects would also occur.
These effects and other catastrophic events such as the production of the fossil layers, great physical alterations within the crust, mantle and even the core of the Earth continue during application of (13). Depending upon the actual heat produced, the viscosity of materials, and other internal forces and tensions (Skinner and Porter, 1987, p. 406), the enhanced radial component of movement could easily produce geological upliftings and subsidence (sinking) beyond those that would be expected purely from the additional heating effect and other natural processes. Indeed, an increased rate of erosion and sediment formation beyond what would be expected due to present day observed natural processes would occur because of an enhanced radial movement towards the center of mass. What such catastrophic events coupled with the removal of vast amounts of water from subterranean regions would tend to produce has been discussed at great length within creation-science literature and, except for one major effect that can be observed today, will not be repeated here in any detail. But, it is important to mention that this linear effect line element approach has a certain advantage over any approach that simply yields an increase in the radioactive decay rate. Since other rates of change also increase over the time span of the Flood, numerously many antediluvian natural-systems would alter their behavior. For example, although it is not an enhanced movement, the standard shear or plate velocity of portions of the lithosphere would increase over that observed today, without an extreme heat source, due to the enhanced radial movement. Consequently, this approach seems to solve the various problems discussed by Baumgardner (1990). It appears that deriving or postulating an increase in the radioactive decay rate would not be sufficient. Consequently, activation of (13) at the Earth's center of mass, and elsewhere, during the Flood period seems to solve many of these Flood model difficulties. Note that activation of (13) with respect to other antediluvian scenarios such as that discussed by Roy (1996) would lead to similar catastrophic events.
It has been known for many years that measurements of the Earth's magnetic field taken at various locations show interesting variations. This is called the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field. The first in-depth mathematical analysis of this phenomenon was done by Allan and Bullard (1966) relative to the dynamo theory for magnetic field production. A later examination of the data by Bloxham and Gubbins (1985) led them to reject the no-upwelling or no-downwelling of core material conclusion relative to a cause for the secular variation. They proposed a simple two dimensional model for the upwelling or downwelling of core material, and analyzed such effects on a initially uniform horizontal field. They state that "Temperature variations in the mantle may drive flow in the core, a cold spot in the mantle producing downwelling of fluid . . . and a hot spot upwelling resulting in a zero flux patch." (Bloxham and Gubbins, 1985, p. 781). Humphreys (1990) gives a more detailed two dimensional illustration of how well known mechanisms would alter the flux if the fluid core material did indeed upwell or downwell, and expands upon the Bloxham and Gubbins conclusion. Humphreys suggests that behavior would lead to fluctuations strong enough to produce reversals of the magnetic field. Such fluctuations or reversals of the Earth's magnetic field is a well known explanation for the apparent magnetic field fluctuations or reversals found in appropriate material.
Activation of (13), as discussed above, would yield all of the necessary enhancements within the mantle and core fluid material so that the Bloxham, Gubbins, and Humphreys mechanisms would be strong enough to produce rapid magnetic field alterations or reversals during the Flood period. Further, when all these enhancements were attenuated at the end of the Flood period, there should be a continuation, but to a much lesser degree, of various catastrophic lithosphere events for hundreds of years thereafter. Humphreys points out that the fluctuations would also continue but to a much lesser degree for several thousand years and then begin decaying steadily. Since the evidence suggests that the Earth's magnetic field has fluctuated or been reversed numerously many times in the past, the assumption that the Flood was caused physically by application of (13) at the center of mass leads to an explanation that all such strong fluctuations or field-reversals could have occurred during the one year Flood period. These fluctuations or reversals might be considered as having taken place over many millions of years by those who adhere to the concept of a constant radioactive decay rate, or those who reject the Flood scenario. (Humphreys suggested in (1986, p. 117) that one mechanism that might drive these reversals was that ". . . God greatly increased the rate of radioactive decay during the Flood year, . . . " However, this suggestion is not sufficient for the short time period needed unless many other rates are also increased such as the rate of internal heat flow. In this present model, these reversals are only a byproduct of the mechanism that yield the Flood.)
To be consistent, activation of (13), with di as described above, probably occurred to other originally created and predominately solid bodies within our solar system. Similar effects would occur even for those bodies with minute amounts of radioactive material. Indeed, an enhanced component of radial movement is still present during this time period. Application of (13) to a large body that may have once occupied a position between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter could have resulted in its destruction. This, of course, depends upon its composition. Further, there would be an increase in fragment collision forces due to the increase in radial motion. Evidence for this is the asteroid belt with its tangled orbits. Cratering effects on solar system objects such as Mars, the Moon (Morton, Slusher and Mandock, 1983) and the Earth (Froede and DeYoung, 1996) could have occurred during the Flood period. Such cratering effects on solar system bodies would depend upon the location of this asteroid producing massive object with respect to these other solar system bodies, and the physical condition of these other solar system objects caused by activation of (13) as well as their location at the time of the application of (13). Relative to the Earth and these other bodies, note that if such an event occurred, then the ejecta would have enhanced radial movement and this would alter the time frame for ejecta arrival. Further, I do not contend that all of the cratering effects are produced in this fashion, especially on such planets as Mercury. However, activation of (13) would yield numerous effects that depend upon the composition of a body and some of these effects could simply give the appearance of cratering.
Due to the warming of the vast Flood waters, many weather changes would occur during and after the Flood period. Genesis 8:1 indicates that another Divine intervention occurred. Obviously this intervention was done in order to return Noah, the Ark and every living thing within the Ark to an Earthly environment where the life forms on the Ark could survive. Since (13) did not directly affect the Ark or its inhabitants, this would only require the nonzero d to be replaced with a zero value. However, caution should be exercised at this point for, as mentioned previously, di is not necessarily a constant and could easily depend upon other local physical or substratum measures. A reduction in the value of d could also depend upon the effects desired relative to local physical measures or properties. Initially, if attenuation of d rapidly reduces the enhanced radial motion, then the ocean level with respect to the center of mass would decrease rapidly due to the removal of this additional component of radial movement. After this, the level would drop at a slower rate. The initial rapid abatement of the waters would be accompanied by significant wind effects (Genesis 8:1). Most of the water that came from the subterranean regions would not be able to return to these regions due to changes in the original Earth's geological features and the collapse of the original chambers. Since heat transfer and radiation would now drop to the original levels, the oceans would remain somewhat warm for some time after the Flood period. It has been suggested that this could have led to an Ice Age (Oard, 1979). Further, although the rates of change would drop rapidly to present day rates if the d = 0 is assumed, there would most certainly by residual effects that would last hundreds, if not thousands of years. It is not the purpose of this investigation to discuss such residual effects. Future investigations should, however, consider these residual effects for the earth after the Flood would be a considerably different place than before the Flood.
Is it possible that there remain within our present day environment anomalies or a signature that indicates that such an event as the selected application of (13) did occur only a short time ago in the past, with the resulting Flood and other events discussed above and elsewhere, and that such an application did help to produce our present day environment? Mechanisms for magnetic fluctuations, increases in radioactive decay rates and the like only yield the scientific possibility that such events could have occurred during the Flood. It is not scientific evidence that these events actually occurred. These theoretical results only yield an additional model for such behavior, a model that science may not be able to differentiate from other models.
Activation of (13) yields alterations to time dependent physical processes that are not dependent upon rotational concepts. No alterations occur in any physical measure only dependent upon rotation of the bodies to which (13) is applied. This yields a prediction that there are measurable differences present today that signify that enhanced radial components of movement and non-enhanced rotational components of movement took place during the Flood. When field investigations are made and geological structures examined using the natural processes observed today and the so-called uniformity of nature concept is applied, anomalies may occur. These anomalies would be relative to radial uplifting or subsidence versus expected rotational shifting. If some rotational shifting is less than expected, then this gives evidence that something like application of (13) may have occurred. Other comparisons of physical material that is assumed by evolutionary science to be very old may also present such radial versus rotational anomalies when present day natural processes are used to explain past behavior. This would give additional evidence that the Flood scenario as described above is not some sort of Biblical illusion or poetic insertion but actually took place exactly as it is described Scripturally.
Special Remarks It is self-evident that the mechanism discussed in this paper can be used as an initial condition or the "driving" mechanism that yields such theories as Catastrophic Plate Tectonics. However, caution is still advised. We have no direct knowledge as to the natural processes that prevailed prior to the Flood. This is the reason (13) is applied to but a few of these processes. But, (13) can be applied to other natural processes such a internal and external heat transfer, electromagnetic radiation and, indeed, many other time dependent measures that are modeled by certain mathematical expressions if one assumes that these equations governed the natural world prior to the Flood. Although the effects of application of (13) would most definitely give the appearance of an "aging" of much of the earth and possibility the solar system, caution detects that "age" as measured by the various forms of radioactive decay may not be accelerated to the degree that some might desire. It is certainly possible that other natural processes present today were active prior to the Flood, processes not mentioned in this article, and these could also have been accelerated during one of the "creation days." However, if this is the case, then such processes should be accompanied by appropriate Scripture rather than be postulated ad hoc.
Relative to gravitational and relative motion effects, in Herrmann (1995a), a very general process using the time dependent Schrödinger equation seems to imply that all physical behavior that is associated with energy changes of any type is altered by a factor (L)^(1/2) or (L')^(1/2). However, relative to L' , since this is a direct substratum effect, a considerable amount of caution must be exercised when considering questions and notions associated with pure substratum behavior due to the predicted presence of ultranatural events and ultranatural laws. That is: not all of the physical alterations in behavior as predicted by the mathematical model need actually occur in objective reality. There may be additional constraints in that only a proper subset of the physical "observables" are altered. Since infinitesimal light-clocks are used with the Schrödinger equation, then when applied, if at all, to the L [resp. L' ] case, these alterations should probably be restricted to the behavior of certain microscopic objects. The same holds for gravitational fields that use General Relativity and the equivalence principle to predict time-dilation since it is known that this principle only holds for "point particles" and this principle is used to derive clock time-dilation within an Einstein gravitational field. Hence, such time-dilation would need to be restricted to "microscopic clocks."
The entire paper can be found at this URL CRSQ -- Creation Research Society Quarterly
IJMMS -- International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
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[Note: This article was peer reviewed in March 1997 for journal publication and found to be correct technically and to be acceptable for publication. It is presented on the Internet so as to have the most rapid and widest possible circulation.]
25 March 1997 Mathematics Department, U. S. Naval Academy, 572 Holloway Rd, Annapolis MD, 21402-5002
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