PART II
CHAPTER 4
What Can Be Known
4.1 Startling Results That Will Be Established With this chapter, I'll begin a more detailed discussion of my significant scientific findings. It will be specifically established that every Bible statement that compares God's supernatural mental qualities with those of any Natural biological object are rational scientifically. I'm sure that Feuerback, Marx and all the others who have claimed, without proof, that such supernatural concepts are somehow or other irrational scientifically could never have guessed that science could establish otherwise. This is exactly what happens when the mathematics is interpreted
linguistically. All of these Bible described concepts are shown to be rational. Further, the model satisfies explicitly as it's described in the Scriptures the method that God has used to create.On the other hand, the mathematics can be physically interpreted in terms of force-like processes. This physical-like interpretation will yield a mathematical cosmogony - a theory that yields methods for the creation of universes and establishes all that I've previously claimed for this model. Moreover, it will also be established that this physical-like model can be interpreted in such a way as to yield numerous beginning scenarios for universe creation, from the Big-Bang to the six day creation model and many, many more possibilities. These possibilities give you infinitely many scenarios from which to choice.
Please remember that to establish these results is not necessarily a simple task. If it were easy, this would have been accomplished many years ago. It does take some mental effort. Take your time and don't expect to grasp immediately all of the concepts I'll discuss.
4.2 The Basic GGU-model The significant mathematically generated scientific alternative that I'll discuss is not just an alternative to many favored cosmological theories, but is also an alternative to such controversial concepts as biological evolution. And it's a scientific alternative. The language I'll use is scientific in character, not philosophic. And the methods are precisely those used by theoretical science. Let's discuss some interesting aspects of this scientific alternative.
It has been apparent for a few thousand years that it's possible to collect words together into a meaningful set of sentences, but when ordinary human logic is applied, great mental anguish occurs. I'll give you two examples.
(I) I say to you, "I'm lying." Well, if I'm lying, then what I said is true. So, I'm not lying. On the other hand, if I'm not lying, then what I said is true. So, I'm lying. Consequently, I'm lying and I'm not lying.
The last sentence in (I) is a contradiction and you know how bad such things can be for your mental well-being. I know how you might explain the logical difficulties with (I). There may be a difference between putting things in quotation marks and not putting things in quotation marks, or maybe other difficulties such as what "true" means. Of course, there would be no quotation marks if I were to speak the statement to you rather than write it. It's also possible to given a set of specific orders for an individual to follow; but, in a certain instance, it could be very difficult to know exactly what to do.
(II) Suppose there were ten men on a ship, all with different first names, and each man must have a shave each day. Unfortunately, not all of the men had shaving kits. So, the captain selects one man, Joe, who has a shaving kit and instructs him to shave all those and only those men who don't shave themselves. Joe has no problem with determining who to shave and not to shave until he comes to the very last person on his list. The last name on the list is Joe.
For many years, mathematicians have tried to structure mathematical communication so as to avoid producing contradictions. This is done by using very concise rules for writing mathematics and, especially, by introducing precise axiom systems. (Consider high school geometry, for example.) Mathematicians are particularly concerned with determining whether or not the modern axioms for their own subject are consistent. Not being consistent is just another way of saying that a contradiction can be produced. Obviously, this is of extreme importance if one wishes to have a mathematical theory that is not meaningless. The empirical evidence shows that this is the case since no one, to my knowledge, has found a contradiction that hasn't been purposely introduced into the subject. Yes, some have claimed that they have discovered contradictions produced by our modern axiom systems. But, upon investigation by myself and many others, these claims have all been shown to be false.
Only claiming that a contradiction has not been found is certainly not the strongest evidence to support a continued use of mathematics as some sort of bastion of absolute logical rigor - a necessity for physical science as suggested by the Ferris quotation. For this reason, mathematicians attempt to give formal proofs that certain basic axiom systems are consistent. This means they use a very specific set of rules that allows them to write down a finite list of very specific strings of symbols. The last string of symbols in this list is the thing they want to "prove." Apparently, this would leave no doubt that the last string of symbols is obtained in a very rigorous manner since every mathematician, and even a machine, could check out the proof by a strict step-by-step process.
One of the greatest onslaughts against human pride is to state that a human being, or possibly any biological entity, can't do some mental activity. Can't you hear the hue and cry? "How dare you say I can't mentally do something. I'm a human being. The most intelligent of all creatures." Well, in 1931, the mathematician Kurt Gödel apparently showed that mathematicians cannot do what they previously thought they could do [15]. He showed that they can't use formal procedures to establish the usual concept of consistency for certain axiom systems. So, although mathematics is used by science because of its rigorous logical construction, apparently mathematicians can't formally show that the basic axioms for the subject are consistent.
In time, most of the mathematical community has accepted this far reaching and extremely influential Gödel result; but, not all. Some individuals, even today, claim they have found errors in Gödel's work and, therefore, in the works of thousands of other mathematicians who have not only accepted Gödel's result but base their own research upon his methods. At least as of this writing, such claims have also fallen short and have been rejected by the mathematical community. But who knows what tomorrow might bring? Anyway, what does this human attitude and historical example have to do with our present subject of cosmology, biological evolution and all other such theories? As you'll see, it has a great deal to do with the general properties associated with the GGU-model.
The GGU-model has no specially built in processes. It uses only the most basic mathematics with no special mathematical axioms included. The GGU-model is constructed from the most empirically consistent axiom system available. To obtain this model, only the standard logical processes, such as those used to argue for any scientific theory, are employed. It's not, in its most fundamental form, a theory or model about the origins of our universe. The GGU-model gives predictions about any theory that claims to describe mechanisms for the evolution of our universe or, indeed, any system that is assumed to have existed in the far-past. The far-past can range from say 100,000 years ago and further backwards in time.
You see, as I first interpret the mathematical structure, it is often called the deductive world or D-world model. It is a mathematical model about theories themselves and how descriptions are put together by the human mind to produce a theory. The most general aspects of the D-world model are not related to the content of these descriptions. This is a strict linguistic interpretation.This first interpretation does not yield a general process for the creation of universes, but it does yield some of the most startling conclusions of this mathematical research project.I need to define just two more, rather simple, notions. A Big Bang formed universe would be what is called a developing Natural system since time is an ingredient for some of the descriptions for mechanisms that such a theory describes. Scientists declare
an arrangement of physical objects that are so related or connected as to form an identifiable unityto be a Natural system. Moreover, the term developing implies thatthe system is altered in some identifiable manner with respect to time.This means that as time passes some portions of the description for the Natural system also change. [I point out that "time" in this context refers to "sequential" behavior. Actually, "time" can be replaced with something called the "universal event numbers."]Now, the Big Bang and other theories do lend themselves to certain interpretations for the electromagnetic radiation and particle bombardments we are apparently undergoing. Also, a few laboratory experiments can be performed to verify some theory predictions.
With the above definition for a developing Natural system in mind, I can now present three of the startling linguistic results relative to the GGU-model. These come from a linguistic interpretation. The terms used are relative to how science communicates, and what can or cannot be described in a scientific language. Conclusions (1), (2), (3), (4) are fact. They are not speculation. I'll explain the meaning of the first three results more fully after I state them.
(1) Any scientific description that describes a developing Natural system and that includes any statements relative to mechanisms that at any time T, in the far-past, could produce or sustain such a development has the GGU-model as an absolute alternative.The name GGU-model is strongly related to a physical interpretation and is an abbreviation for the very scientific sounding expression The General Grand Unification Model. You can certainly see why I've abbreviated its name. (Note: A restriction of the GGU-model to a special physical-like interpretation yields the Metamorphic-Anamorphosis Model that is abbreviated as the MA-model.) In reality, the idea the model produces automatically is rather simple. Metamorphic refers to a type of sudden change while an anamorphosis effect means a type of distortion. The type of sudden changes or distortions which may have occurred will be described later. For the time being, I'll concentrate upon explaining the meaning of the above three results.(2) For a given scientific theory that you might select as consistent with your personal philosophy, whether it be a Big Bang, biological evolution or otherwise, the GGU-model and the scientific theory are the same theory for time periods after T.
(3) There are infinitely many scientific descriptions for how the Natural system may have developed prior to T. Further, there may never be a scientific language that can describe in any detail how the Natural system developed prior to T.
Let's say you assign zero to the very moment of time you read this sentence, and you pick some theory Th and a time T = 2,000,000 years in the past. Your theory describes specifically our universe in a word-picture at the moment T and probably other word-pictures for various times between zero and T as well. The theory Th tells about forces that may have produced our universe at time T or forces that may have existed at T and that may have changed and altered our universe's appearance as it developed in time so that it has acquired the present condition you observe on a cloudless night. None of these descriptions will contradict the descriptions obtained from GGU-model. The GGU-model is there. Its influences may be somewhat hidden, but the GGU-model tells us that there may be other processes that aid in the time evolution - the development - of our universe.
"Now wait one minute," you say. "How can the GGU-model describe behavior when different theories could be picked or different times considered?" The reason is that the GGU-model doesn't use the specific language of any physical theory; it uses a general language that characterizes the common aspects of all such scientific theories. Using these common aspects of theory construction, the GGU-model says
that no matter what theory you use there exist numerous other phenomena or processes governing hidden aspects of the evolution of any Natural system and these cannot be described in any human language nor comprehended by any human mind. This includes our entire universe as a whole.These hidden aspects may just as well be the actual cause that has produced what your theory Th claims is the condition of our universe 2,000,000 years ago. These hidden aspects can be the actual cause that sustains the development and has produced what you observe today, and tomorrow, and every day there after. These hidden aspects are just as likely to exist in objective reality as do any of the not directly observed aspects of any theory Th.Our previous analysis has established that many scientists tend to select theories that correspond to their own more general philosophic world-view although other theories exist that are consistent with competing philosophies and yield the same laboratory verifications. If you're aware of the insidious mind controlling influences behind the selection of some theory Th and don't like its philosophical implications, you might discard it entirely for another one. But, you see, it doesn't matter what theory you choose. The GGU-model will always be there lurking in the background.
Steven Weinberg [45] in his popularizing book on his Big Bang theory attempts to give descriptions for how our universe appeared during the first three minutes of its existence. His descriptions are science fiction; for what he has not explain, as the GGU-model does, is that at various times during the development of our universe it's just as probable that a gigantic, possibly universe wide, physical event - a time fracture - could have occurred which would make it impossible to have any exact knowledge of how our universe appeared prior to this fracture. I'll explain more fully in a later section what is known about such a time fracture possibility, but what this signifies is that we can know almost nothing about what actually took place 2 million, 1 million or even 100,000 years ago anywhere within our universe by observing any of the radiation falling upon us and applying theoretical science.
The D-world, GGU-model or MA-model interpretations do not alter the theory you use to explain the data received by any of our present day scientific instruments such as the now orbiting Hubble Space Telescope, or the predictions you choose to accept about what has or will occur after a specific time in the far-past. For example, you may keep your cosmological theory, if it's philosophically pleasing to you, but your theory is pure speculation and can't have any scientific truth value. Those that create such theories are simply playing the "game of rational deduction" without any scientific hope of knowing what actually occurred so long ago.
In Chapter 3 on deceptive tactics, I gave you tactic (iv). For cosmological theories, let me expand somewhat on (iv). It's not only that many outspoken scientists are attempting to promote the belief that Nature follows the patterns of human thought and that everything that exists in reality is describable in a human language, but they claim arrogantly that though theories might change or be rejected that some scientist, someday, will discover the absolutely true cosmological theory. The GGU-model shows that what is "true" in reality can't be known through the methods of scientific description. The grandiose program of searching for such a theory is doomed to failure, not in the sense that by some slight chance a theory Th1 might be concocted that does partially describe the correct mechanisms, but science can't tell us whether or not Th1 is the correct theory.
Let me rephrase one of the most significant GGU-model conclusions in terms of more physical-like expressions. I note that the term "scenario" can be considered as a description for a physical event or the physical event itself.
(4) Scientifically, there are infinitely many different scenarios, different "beginnings," and the like that could have produced the universe in which we dwell, the earth on which we live and everything about it, and even you yourself. Also there are infinitely many different scenarios for how our universe actually appeared 100,000 or 1 million or 2 million etc. years ago in the far-past. But each of these infinitely many scenarios can produce the exact same results, the exact same images on photographic plates, the exact same readings on any data gathering machine as we observed these machines, today, within every laboratory.Prior to the discovery of the methods used to establish the GGU-model's results, certain philosophers and, in particular, religious theorists claimed that mankind could not know the true laws that govern the workings of our universe or give any mechanistic description for how it came into being. Their arguments are based upon certain logical processes known as dialectic logic. Unfortunately, such logics are a bit strange and often inconsistent in one sense or another. But, more importantly, dialectic logic is not the basic logical process used within the mathematical and physical sciences today. For this reason, most scientists reject such arguments as "nonsense" from their viewpoint. This type of rejection cannot be applied to the GGU-model since it's based upon the queen of all sciences, the science that uses the most rigorous and accepted logic of all, the science of mathematics. The GGU-model is based entirely upon a mathematical theory.Let's diverge for a moment and discuss one of the terms I've used. Please don't worry if the next section is confusing to you since you can actually skip most of it and still comprehend the significant facts discussed throughout this book. I present one minor piece of technical information at this point for those who might be slightly interested in a more detailed understanding of the concept scientists call mathematical modeling.
4.3 Interpretations During my career as a professional mathematician, I've written down the statement of and the proof for literally thousands of new "theorems." One exciting aspect of this profession is that the string of symbols one writes down as a new result is a meaningful expression that has never, I suppose, been previously expressed in human thought. While many other attributes of this discipline excite mathematicians, and probably only mathematicians, the most useful contribution modern mathematics has made to the physical sciences is its logical rigor. Significantly, mathematicians are the keepers, so to speak, of the keys that unlock the processes of extremely accurate step-by-step logical argument.
Strangely enough, within pure mathematics, many of the terms we use for basic objects are undefined vague entities where they are assumed only to obey a few simple axioms. Take, for example, the term vector. There is a general list of axioms for such an object and from these axioms a mathematical theory is created. What is significant outside of the subject matter of pure mathematics is that a single mathematical theory can be used to further explore many different disciplines and discipline theories. Let's see how this is done.
A physical force can be represented by two concepts, the idea of the direction and the strength of the force. Now substitute for the word vector in the axioms of the mathematical theory the word force. The mathematical axioms are now written in terms of a physical language. Go to the laboratory and set up experiments that will check out every one of the axioms. If you can verify the force "axioms," then the assumption is that what we perceive about the behavior of forces will follow the patterns of human thought. This, of course, is a very strong assumption that need not be true. But, nevertheless, this is the scientists assumption. Since the mathematical theory is created by rigorous application of the laws of human thought, it would follow that all of the mathematical "theorems" with the term force replacing the term vector would hold for forces. What one has done is create what is called a mathematical model for the physical concept of force.
The process of assigning a term such as "force" to an undefined mathematical term such as vector is called a (physical) interpretation for the mathematical theory. But is "force" the only physical concept that behaves like a vector? No. For the physical concept of velocity also appears to satisfy the vector axioms. Under the same assumptions, you can create, using the same mathematical theory, a physical theory about the behavior of the velocity concept. Thus we have a new interpretation and a new mathematical model since it's written in terms of velocity rather than in terms of force. There are many other physical concepts that can also be interpreted as a vector, each generating a new mathematical model. Scientists use these mathematical models in their deliberations and predictions.
Notice that I've qualified the term "interpretation" with the word physical. The reason for this is that not all interpretations come from the discipline of physics. The interpretation that creates the D-world model is actually related to the discipline called logic, the discipline that studies the laws and processes that humans follow when they write down symbols strings and claim that one symbol string follows "logically" from another. It's very interesting to note that it's the process of assigning two very distinct concepts to the same mathematical theory that has created the entire computer industry.
Mathematical modeling is often much more difficult than simply giving an interpretation to members of a known mathematical theory. What you may need is a considerable amount of knowledge about a nonmathematical subject. Let's consider the subject of logic and its relation to the computer. You search for the most basic written communication processes, processes that produce new sentences from old ones.
Here are a few very simple examples. Suppose you have the following sentence that describes conditionally a possible real event. "If John crosses the road, then John will get wet." Then assume you're told that it's a fact that "John crosses the road." Even without seeing John, you would probably agree with me that: "Therefore, it's a fact that John got wet." You might not have said the word "Therefore," but it's understood to be part the statement. When we observe such statements over and over again then it's possible to abstract the process being observed in the form of a group of symbols and a relation. It looks like this p -» q, p => q, where the symbol => represents the concept expressed by the word "therefore." But, interesting enough, it's discovered that most people will also accept the following argument patterned after what you know would occur if the facts were established. "If John did not get wet, then John did not cross the road. John did not get wet. Therefore, John did not cross the road." Once again, this can be abstracted into the symbolic form ¬q -» ¬p, ¬q => ¬p. Although it's very trivial, you might even consider the following as a correct logical argument. "If John crosses the road, then John will get wet. Therefore, if John crosses the road, then John will get wet." Of course, the conditional statement is simply repeated. Although this gives no new information, it at the least gives the information given originally and is considered as part of most human logic. This can be symbolized by p -» q => p -» q.
The symbol =>, the "therefore" concept, incorporates the unknown processes a human mind follows in order to arrive at the conclusions on the right of the => if the majority considers that mind as thinking rationally. I've actually tried to communicate with individuals whose mental processes did not follow the above patterns. For me, an impossible thing to do. I'm not saying that these individuals' mental patterns are incorrect. You see, rational thinking simply means mental patterns that are common to the vast majority of individuals. Since this vast majority constructs the society in which we live then it follows that, in order to live with us, your mental patterns would need to be similar. [Notice the logical pattern of the argument I've just presented.]
After literally thousands of years of effort, logicians and mathematicians have discovered special properties - axioms - about the symbol => and its relationship to the symbols that appear on the left and the right. These symbols become abstract objects and a mathematical theory is created. Thus from the basic properties associated with =>, thousands of theorems are produced. Hence, a mathematical theory has been created from a concrete every day experience, the experience of thinking. But is the mathematical theory only good as a short cut to the study of how human beings put expressions together and arrive at deductive conclusions?
Using accepted laws of logic, mathematicians discovered that if you substituted zeros or ones for the p and q symbols that appear on the left and right of =>, you can construct a type of arithmetic that could replace the ordinary arithmetic based upon the number ten that most of us use everyday. Now a big scientific breakthrough came in 1938 [43]. Shannon discovered that the symbols that appear on the left and right of the => could represent combinations of electrical switches or relays. The properties that mathematicians had discovered about these symbols also hold true for these switches. This switch interpretation for these abstract strings of symbols and their mathematically determined properties is what has lead directly to the modern computer. Indeed, the basic theory of microchip and microprocessor design uses the exact same Shannon concepts. Of course, the language interpretation still holds, but is completely different from the switch interpretation. The same thing holds for the mathematical theory associated with the GGU-model. There are two distinct interpretations for this mathematical theory. I tend to call both interpretations the GGU-model if the context indicates whether I'm referring to the language or the physical interpretation. If the context does not indicate clearly which interpretation is being discussed, I use the D-world or GGU-model term.
By the way, this illustrates one major method that leads to modern mathematical theories. Concrete everyday experiences often lead to abstractions of their common features and, thus, to mathematical theories. These abstract mathematical theories carry with them the interpretations that originally inspired their creation. After this, these mathematical theories are re-interpreted to provide a mathematical model for something totally different in character. The notion of "re-interpreted" simply means that the abstract mathematical symbols are now given names taken from another discipline or even, sometimes, the symbols take on names used within a portion of another mathematics theory.
4.4 More About the GGU-Model In the previous section, even if you either didn't read it or didn't understand it, I gave what might be considered some strict rules for the concept of an interpretation. It's these strict unbiased rules that are used to give meaning to the GGU-model as well as to the MA-model. In many cases, however, there are no such strict rules in assigning meaning to scientific discoveries. This is where the notion of the general interpretation appears and, probably, produces the greatest of all controversies. The GGU-model has a lot to say about the general interpretations as well.
Two examples are enough. First example. Suppose you live on the edge of the Mojave Desert and you're digging a deep well in your backyard. You uncover two bone fragments 100 feet below the surface. You call the police and they call the medical examiner. The medical examiner says, " They don't appear human to me." To check further, an anthropologist is called to the scene. She says, "They don't look like they have come from any human species I know about." Next, a zoologist exams the bones which still have not been removed from the position in which they were found. "No," he says, "they haven't come from any animal I've ever dealt with." Finally, the ultimate of all investigators, a paleontologist is called for from the New York Museum of Natural History. He states, "As far as my knowledge is concerned these bones do not fit any known species."
Within a week, the hypothetical "Cal Laboratory" applies tests that indicate that the bones are, at least, 100,000 years old. Three days later one of those tabloid newspapers you see at the checkout counter of your local food store displays the following headline.
Bones of Alien Creature Who
Visited Earth 100,000 Years
Ago Found in Backyard WellSecond example. Suppose you're digging a deep well in your backyard. You uncover two bone fragments 100 feet below the surface. You call the police and they call a different medical examiner than used above. The medical examiner says, "They appear human to me." To check further, a different anthropologist is called to the scene. She says, "They look like they have come from the human species X42." Next, a different zoologist exams the bones which still haven't been removed from the position in which they were found. "No," he says, "they haven't come from human species but are the remains of an ancient type of horse." Finally, the ultimate of all investigators, a paleontologist is called for from the Museum of Natural History in Washington DC. He states, "As far as my knowledge is concerned these bones come from the back section of an amphibian of some sort or other." Within a week hypothetical "Cal Laboratory" applies tests that indicate that the bones are, at least, 100,000 years old.
Which of these interpretations is correct? Are they from the human species X42, an ancient horse, or are they the remains of an unknown amphibian? Three days later one of those tabloid newspapers you see at the checkout counter of your local food store has selected its own interpretation from those presented by the "experts" and displays the following headline.
Ancient Bones Prove That the
Mojave Desert Was Covered
By Water 100,000 Years Ago
And That Man Has Descended
From a Species of AmphibiansIn the first example, all the investigators seem to agree that they have little knowledge as to the proper interpretation for the bone fragments. The tabloid has embellished their "nonfindings" somewhat to sell papers.
In the second example, the investigators are working from the rules and knowledge accepted by their own scientific discipline, and they use specific theories. The same can be said for the tests conducted by the hypothetical Cal Laboratories. This is what leads to the basic controversies. In the first example, the bone fragments don't fit any of the investigators theories. In the second example, the bone fragments fit more than one interpretation. The greatest controversies occur in the second example. Different authorities using different theories for the same evidence come to different conclusions. Which one is correct? As I've pointed out many times, usually, it isn't the question of which is correct, but rather the question of which interpretation does not contradict a personal philosophy.
The GGU-model is not concerned with personal philosophic motives. It presents its results without being clouded by such constraints. It's not concerned with whether a group of scientists all agree or they disagree upon the proper interpretation. The GGU-model says that it makes no difference which, if any, of these different general interpretations is correct for the most basic principles used by each of the disciplines and each of the investigators may be faulty. Each of these disciplines bases its rules of investigation upon Natural processes that have only been described scientifically for the past few thousand years.
The MA-model states specifically that it's just as probable that the Natural processes that produced those so-called bones are not the same as we have observed and described over the passed few thousand years. We can have no scientific knowledge as to what were the Natural processes at the time these bones were formed.What does the MA-model have to say about scientific "truth" and its relation to the far-past and the far-future? Scientific truth is empirically obtained from evidence, evidence that was created within recent history and gathered at the present time and that verifies specific theory predictions. But, due to the existence of the MA-model (the A part), scientific theories that describe events that may have occurred in the far-fast or might occur in the far-future have no actual scientific truth value. The so-called evidence that's used need not correspond to actual behavior in the far-past or far-future. The philosophy called the "uniformity of Nature" has a scientific counter via the MA-model. Such descriptions are not "true" in reality, not partially "true" in reality, not 90%, 50%, 25% or any percentage "true" in reality. You cannot associate the concept of truth as it's empirically determined by the scientific method with any of them. Your belief is purely personal philosophic choice.The GGU-model appears to have some interesting statements to make about modern scientific endeavors. This is especially so since this model is obtained by means of the same basic scientific tool and same logical process used to obtain our most cherished of scientific theories. It should be obvious why many scientists have attempted to prevent you from knowing the truth about the validity of their work. I still have more details to reveal.
In the first four chapters of this book, I've presented some of the ideas associated with scientific communication and, in particular, how members of the scientific community are purposely, I think, using invalid linguistic techniques to alter personal beliefs. It's up to you to continue this analysis by checking those so-called scientific articles that appear in newspapers and magazines. Notice how they are incorrectly stated in a positive language. Then listen to those educational TV programs that also claim to be scientific in nature. Is the program material also stated incorrectly in a positive language? Is the same thing true about the material that appears in textbooks used by within our educational systems. Do any of these sources indicate in any manner that what they are describing about events that are assumed to have occurred in the far-past has NO scientific truth value? Judge for yourself. I'm confident that you'll arrive at the same conclusions I've discussed in these previous chapters.
After you've made your own analysis, please recall what I've written about contradictory statements. The scientific community knows fully well that the use of such linguistic tricks, if you accept these positive statements as implied truth, will force you to accept certain personal beliefs and reject others. I'm again confident that you can easily determine that it's various supernatural religious beliefs that these insidious methods would force you to reject, if such "scientific" descriptions had any truth value, which they don't.
Now let me detail an important procedure you should follow. You first development a personal belief-system, including specific religious doctrine, not based upon some scientific theory but, rather, based upon your personal experiences, personal evidence, and various writings. Then you can, if you wish, select a scientific model for the origins of the universe, origins of life and all that sort of stuff that does not contradict your personal philosophy. Although I won't discuss it in this book, you could then compare your selected model with others based upon its technical scientific merit. However, I point out that the scientific rules for model preference are concocted by the scientific community and need not be valid in reality since they are based upon human comprehension. Consequently, even if your selected theory was the best that such a comparison could produce, the scientific method still can't determine, in any absolute manner, whether your choice is correct. But, there's a method that I'll discuss in the last section of this book that will help you make the correct choice.
I've promised to take you step-by-step through the discovery process itself and discuss such things as what is meant by "sudden change" or "distortions," and the like. This I shall do next.
Chapter 5 or return to contents page or to home page.